International Day of Parliamentarism: Milestones in the history of the Indian Parliament

THE Indian Parliament and democracy stand as shining examples of resilience and inclusivity, embodying the spirit of a diverse nation. Despite skepticism at the time of independence in 1947, when many doubted its ability to survive as a unified democracy, India has not only endured but thrived as the world’s largest democracy. The Parliament, with its two houses—the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha—has been a pillar of governance, ensuring representation for every community, region, and ideology. Landmark legislations, spirited debates, and peaceful transitions of power highlight its strength. The democratic ethos, enshrined in the Constitution, has withstood challenges like emergencies, economic crises, and social upheavals, proving the maturity of India’s institutions and the faith of its people in democratic values.

On the International Day of Parliamentarism, we reflect on India’s parliamentary journey—from the first elections in 1952 to historic moments like the abolition of untouchability, economic reforms, and the passage of progressive laws. The Parliament has been a forum for dialogue, dissent, and decision-making, fostering unity in diversity. Unlike many post-colonial nations that succumbed to authoritarianism, India’s democracy remained vibrant due to its robust judiciary, free press, and active civil society. Celebrating this day, we honor milestones such as the first woman Prime Minister, coalition governments, and the use of technology for transparency. India’s parliamentary democracy is not just a system but a testament to the collective will of its people to uphold liberty, equality, and justice.

Why the International Day of Parliamentarism

Every year on June 30, the world observes the International Day of Parliamentarism, a day dedicated to recognizing the vital role parliaments play in strengthening democracy and governance. Established in 2018 by the United Nations, this day coincides with the founding of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) in 1889—the first global organization promoting dialogue over conflict. As democracies face modern challenges like declining public trust and rising populism, the International Day of Parliamentarism serves as a reminder of the need for transparent, accountable, and inclusive institutions.

The International Day of Parliamentarism also highlights the progress parliaments have made in adapting to a changing world—from embracing technology to advancing gender equality and youth representation. The UN’s resolution A/RES/72/278 underscores how parliaments drive national and global accountability. On this day, we celebrate how legislative bodies, inspired by the IPU’s legacy, continue to uphold democratic values. As we mark this occasion, let’s reaffirm our commitment to safeguarding parliamentary democracy for future generations.

Defining moments of Indian Parliament

The Indian Parliament has witnessed several defining moments since its inception, shaping the nation’s democratic, social, and economic landscape. Here’s a chronological narrative of 20 key milestones:

1. Adoption of the Constitution (1950)

On January 26, 1950, India’s Constitution came into force, marking the birth of the Republic and establishing the framework for its parliamentary democracy. Drafted by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and the Constituent Assembly, it outlined the structure of Parliament—comprising the President, Lok Sabha, and Rajya Sabha—and enshrined fundamental rights and duties. This foundational document laid the groundwork for India’s governance, balancing federalism with a strong central legislature.

2. First General Elections (1951–52)

India embarked on its first democratic experiment with the 1951–52 general elections, the largest electoral exercise in history at the time. Over 173 million voters participated, electing 489 members to the Lok Sabha. The Indian National Congress (INC), led by Jawaharlal Nehru, secured a majority, forming the first elected government. This election proved skeptics wrong, demonstrating that a diverse, post-colonial nation could successfully implement universal suffrage.

3. First Session of Parliament (1952)

The first sitting of Parliament took place on May 13, 1952, with the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha convening in New Delhi. G.V. Mavalankar, a veteran freedom fighter, became the first Speaker of the Lok Sabha, while Dr. S. Radhakrishnan presided over the Rajya Sabha. This session symbolized the transition from colonial rule to a sovereign, democratic republic, setting precedents for legislative debates and procedures.

4. First Constitutional Amendment (1951)

Within a year of the Constitution’s adoption, Parliament passed the First Amendment (1951), introducing critical changes. It imposed reasonable restrictions on free speech (Article 19) to prevent misuse and added Articles 31A and 31B to protect land reforms from judicial challenges. This amendment reflected the government’s focus on social justice while balancing individual liberties with state authority.

5. State Reorganization Act (1956)

The States Reorganization Act of 1956 redrew India’s internal boundaries along linguistic lines, dissolving colonial-era provinces and creating states like Andhra Pradesh (for Telugu speakers). The Fazl Ali Commission recommended these changes to accommodate regional aspirations. While it reduced linguistic tensions, it also set a precedent for future demands, such as the creation of Telangana in 2014.

6. First No-Confidence Motion (1963)

In August 1963, socialist leader J.B. Kripalani moved India’s first no-confidence motion against Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, challenging his China policy after the 1962 war. Nehru defended his government eloquently, winning the motion 62–0. This event established the no-confidence motion as a vital parliamentary tool for holding governments accountable.

7. Indo-Pak War & Tashkent Agreement (1965–66)

Following the 1965 India-Pakistan War, Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri signed the Tashkent Agreement (1966) under Soviet mediation, restoring peace. However, Shastri’s sudden death in Tashkent sparked controversy. Parliament later debated the agreement, emphasizing its role in scrutinizing executive decisions on national security.

8. Bank Nationalization (1969)

In a bold economic move, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi nationalized 14 major private banks in 1969 through an ordinance later ratified by Parliament. The goal was to curb economic inequality and direct credit toward agriculture and small industries. This decision expanded state control over finance but also triggered long-term debates on the efficiency of public-sector banks.

9. Abolition of Privy Purses (1971)

The 26th Constitutional Amendment (1971) abolished the privy purses—annual payments to former princely rulers—ending their symbolic privileges. This move, championed by Indira Gandhi, faced stiff resistance from the aristocracy but was seen as a step toward eroding feudal remnants and reinforcing republican values.

10. Emergency & Parliamentary Supremacy (1975–77)

The 21-month Emergency (1975–77), declared by Indira Gandhi, suspended civil liberties and turned Parliament into a rubber stamp. The 42nd Amendment (1976) centralized power, curbing judicial review and extending parliamentary terms. When elections resumed in 1977, the Congress was voted out, proving democracy’s resilience against authoritarianism.

11. First Non-Congress Government (1977)

The 1977 elections saw the Janata Party, a coalition of opposition parties, defeat the Congress for the first time. Morarji Desai became Prime Minister, but internal conflicts led to his government’s collapse in 1979. Despite its short tenure, this government demonstrated India’s ability to transition power peacefully.

12. Mandal Commission & OBC Reservations (1990)

In 1990, Prime Minister V.P. Singh implemented the Mandal Commission recommendations, reserving 27% of government jobs for Other Backward Classes (OBCs). The decision triggered violent protests but was upheld by the Supreme Court in 1992. This policy reshaped Indian politics, empowering OBC communities and influencing electoral strategies.

13. Anti-Defection Law (1985)

The 52nd Amendment (1985) introduced the Tenth Schedule, or the Anti-Defection Law, to curb party-switching by legislators. MPs defying party whips risked disqualification, unless they merged with another party. While it reduced political instability, critics argue it weakened individual legislators’ autonomy.

14. Economic Liberalization (1991)

Facing a balance-of-payments crisis, Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Manmohan Singh launched historic reforms in 1991. Parliament approved policies dismantling the License Raj, welcoming foreign investment, and liberalizing trade. These changes transformed India into one of the world’s fastest-growing economies.

15. Women’s Reservation Bill (1996–Present)

First introduced in 1996, the Women’s Reservation Bill seeks to reserve 33% of parliamentary seats for women. Despite bipartisan support, it has lapsed multiple times due to opposition from regional parties demanding quotas for OBC women. The bill remains a contentious yet unresolved reform.

16. Pokhran-II Nuclear Tests (1998)

In May 1998, Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee conducted five nuclear tests in Pokhran, declaring India a nuclear-weapons state. Parliament unanimously endorsed the move, despite global sanctions. The tests bolstered India’s strategic position but also escalated tensions with Pakistan.

17. Right to Information Act (2005)

Enacted in 2005, the RTI Act empowered citizens to demand transparency from public authorities. Stemming from grassroots movements like the Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan, it became a powerful tool against corruption, though recent amendments have diluted its effectiveness.

18. GST Implementation (2017)

The Goods and Services Tax (GST), launched on July 1, 2017, replaced 17 indirect taxes with a unified system. The 122nd Constitutional Amendment required bipartisan support, showcasing rare political consensus. While GST streamlined taxation, initial complexities and compliance burdens drew criticism.

19. Abrogation of Article 370 (2019)

In a historic move, the BJP government revoked Article 370 in August 2019, stripping Jammu & Kashmir of its special status and splitting it into two Union Territories. The decision, passed amid a Kashmir lockdown, sparked debates on federalism and integration.

20. Digital Parliament & New Building (2023)

The inauguration of the new Parliament building in 2023 marked a modernization leap, featuring paperless offices, digital voting, and enhanced seating. These upgrades aim to improve legislative efficiency while preserving democratic traditions.

From its first session in 1952 to landmark reforms like GST and Article 370’s repeal, the Indian Parliament has been the arena for defining national debates. These milestones reflect India’s journey—a democracy navigating challenges, adapting to change, and striving for inclusive growth. Each event underscores Parliament’s role as the custodian of the people’s will and the Constitution’s spirit.